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Site:LRP:Problem With Science:Our Understanding of Thermodynamics
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James Clerk Maxwell http://www.clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/ stated: "The truth of the second law is … a statistical, not a mathematical, truth, for it depends on the fact that the bodies we deal with consist of millions of molecules… Hence the second law of thermodynamics is continually being violated, and that to a considerable extent, in any sufficiently small group of molecules belonging to a real body." [Maxwell, J. C., "Tait's Thermodynamics II," Nature 17, 278–280 (7 February 1878)].
Maxwell 'discovered' the Electromagnetic Wave and originated the first [partial] unified field theory formally known as Maxwell's Equations. [Not the truncated version curtailed by Heaviside, Gibbs and Lorentz]. http://www.cheniere.org/references/maxwell.htm
Tom Bearden explains: http://www.cheniere.org/correspondence/030706.htm
Reducing Our Dependence on Fossil Fuels
The second law of thermodynamics, in simple language, says that in a closed physical system, useful energy decays into waste heat, and you can't win it back. A machine that produces, say, electrical energy from ambient heat is impossible according to the second law, and termed a "perpetuum mobile of the second kind". But the second law is under siege, and it may turn out that this alleged rock-solid law of nature is only a reflection of the limitations of 19th and 20th century engineering. In a paper titled A Solid-State Maxwell Demon[74] D.P. Sheehan and A.R. Putnam of the departments of Physics and J.H. Wright of the department of Mathematics and Computer science of the University of San Diego propose a semiconductor device that would generate useful energy from the thermal noise of an electronic circuit. The authors successfully tested their model on a commercial semiconductor simulator and estimate that the technology necessary to construct a laboratory model will be available by 2007. In their introduction, they write:
"Over the last ten years, an unprecedented number of challenges have been leveled against the absolute status of the second law of thermodynamics. During this period, roughly 40 papers have appeared in the general literature, representing more than a dozen distinct challenges; the publication rate is increasing. Recently, for the first time, a major scientific press has commissioned a monograph on the subject and a first international conference has been convened to examine these challenges." One would think that given the implications (defeating the second "law" means nothing less than solving the human energy crisis permanently), governments, corporations and the scientific establishment would be interested. But there is very little interest. The prevailing (circular) reasoning remains that machines that violate the second law are impossible because they would contradict the second law. Source: http://www.suppressedscience.net/physics.html
James Clerk Maxwell's "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field"
In a recent email [12.05.06] Tom Bearden has clarified his position regarding our currently accepted view of thermodynamics: "Here’s a fact sheet I’ve been working on for some time, which I believe is also on my website *http://www.cheniere.org/techpapers/Fact_Sheets/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Leyton%20Hierarchies%20of%20Symmetry%20-%20trial2%20-%20corrected.doc
This is the basic fact sheet I would be updating and expanding, for the thermodynamics paper I hope to produce eventually (few months from now). Maxwell – who was also a noted thermodynamicist of his time – understood that the old second law was easily violated, particularly by the FINER PARTS of a larger system. Quoting Maxwell:
"The truth of the second law is … a statistical, not a mathematical, truth, for it depends on the fact that the bodies we deal with consist of millions of molecules… Hence the second law of thermodynamics is continually being violated, and that to a considerable extent, in any sufficiently small group of molecules belonging to a real body." [J. C. Maxwell, "Tait's Thermodynamics II," Nature 17, 278–280 (7 February 1878)].
As stated in the fact sheet, Australian electrodynamicists (Evans et al.) have well-established violation of the old second law, and Wang et al. have proven it experimentally as well, in real physical systems (chemical solutions) for up to two seconds, when negative entropy instead of positive entropy is being produced in little volumes of a cubic micron in size.
I used that "entropy reversal volume" approach to generate a proposed mechanism for cold fusion (because in such a volume the normal repulsion of like charges could be an ATTRACTION of like charges for up to two seconds!). And with that presumption, I was able to write the actual reaction equations for three of the ubiquitous and novel cold fusion reactions found in most successful cold fusion experiments.
In other words, the normal "coulomb barrier" can become the "coulomb attractor", in such volumes for up to two seconds. So very different reaction equations are possible when the normal law of attraction and repulsion between charged particles is momentarily reversed!
The cold fusion work is in my book, Energy from the Vacuum: Concepts and Principles, Cheniere Press, 2002, Chapter 10. Cold Fusion: Low Spatial-Energy Nuclear Reactions at High Time-Energy.
Ilya Prigogine - The Father of Modern Thermodynamic Theory as explained by Thomas Eugene Bearden in a series of informal writeups
I have some write-ups (informal) which I’ll try to dig out and send you. I had tentatively "scheduled" my work on a thermodynamics paper for my website, to occur after I get the "retranslation of EE into vacuum engineering" paper done.
The best reference(s) are by, or involve, Nobelist Ilya Prigogine who was one of the main scientists that established the far more modern thermodynamics of systems far from equilibrium. Here are a few pertinent quotes for openers:
Dilip Kondepudi and Ilya Prigogine, Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, Wiley, New York, 1998, reprinted with corrections 1999. Areas known to violate the old second law are given on p. 459. One area is strong gradients (as used in the MEG) and another is memory of materials (as used in the MEG in the nanocrystalline core materials and layered crystalline structures to invoke the Aharonov-Bohm effect). We strongly comment that these known, recognized mechanisms allow macroscopic and significant violations of the Second Law that are directly usable in real systems and circuits.
Kondepudi and Prigogine: "One aspect is common to all these nonequilibrium situations, the appearance of long-range coherence. Macroscopically distinct parts become correlated. This is in contrast to equilibrium situations where the range of correlations is determined by short-range molecular forces. As a result, situations which are impossible to realize at equilibrium become possible in far-from-equilibrium situations. This leads to important applications in a variety of fields. [Dilip Kondepudi and Ilya Prigogine, Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, Wiley, Chichester, 1998, p. xii.]
Kondepudi and Prigogine: "Equilibrium thermodynamics was an achievement of the nineteenth century, nonequilibrium thermodynamics was developed in the twentieth century, and Onsager's relations mark a crucial point in the shift of interest away from equilibrium to nonequilibrium. … due to the flow of entropy, even close to equilibrium, irreversibility can no more be identified with the tendency to disorder… [since it can] … produce both disorder … and order…" [Dilip Kondepudi and Ilya Prigogine, Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, Wiley, Chichester, 1998, p. xv.]
Kondepudi and Prigogine: "…the thermodynamic theory of fluctuations … has its origin in Einstein's famous formula that relates the probability of a fluctuation to decrease in entropy." [Dilip Kondepudi and Ilya Prigogine, Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, Wiley, Chichester, 1998, p. xv.]
Kondepudi and Prigogine. “We then have the case of strong gradients, where we expect the failure of linear laws such as the Fourier law for heat conduction. Not much is known either experimentally or theoretically. Attempts to introduce such nonlinear outcomes into the thermodynamics description have led to 'extended thermodynamics' [Dilip Kondepudi and Ilya Prigogine, Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, Wiley, New York, 1998, reprinted with corrections 1999, p. 459].
Kondepudi and Prigogine. "One general point to note about the First Law and the Second Law is that both laws must be local laws. In fact, to be compatible with the principle of relativity, and to be valid regardless of the observer’s state of motion, these laws must be local. Nonlocal laws of energy conservation or entropy production are inadmissible because the notion of simultaneity is relative." [Dilip Kondepudi and Ilya Prigogine, Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, Wiley, New York, 1998, reprinted with corrections 1999, p. 459].
Kondepudi and Prigogine. "According to relativity, events that are simultaneous but occurring at different locations to one observer, may not be simultaneous to another. Hence the simultaneous disappearance and appearance of energy as seen by one observer will not be simultaneous for all. For some observers, energy would have disappeared at one location first and only some time later would it reappear at the other location, thus violating the law of conservation of energy during the time interval separating the two events." [Dilip Kondepudi and Ilya Prigogine, Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, Wiley, New York, 1998, reprinted with corrections 1999, p. 44, footnote.].
Hilbert, D. Quoting: "I assert... that for the general theory of relativity, i.e., in the case of general invariance of the Hamiltonian function, energy equations... corresponding to the energy equations in orthogonally invariant theories do not exist at all. I could even take this circumstance as the characteristic feature of the general theory of relativity." [D. Hilbert, Gottingen Nachrichten, Vol. 4, 1917, p. 21.].
Logunov and Loskutov. Quoting, p. 179. "In formulating the equivalence principle, Einstein actually abandoned the idea of the gravitational field as a Faraday-Maxwell field, and this is reflected in the pseudotensorial characterization of the gravitational field that he introduced. Hilbert was the first to draw attention to the consequences of this. … Unfortunately, … Hilbert was evidently not understood by his contemporaries, since neither Einstein himself nor other physicists recognized the fact that in general relativity conservation laws for energy, momentum, and angular momentum are in principle impossible." Logunov and Loskutov, "Nonuniqueness of the predictions of the general theory of relativity," Sov. J. Part. Nucl., 18(3), May-June 1987, p. 179.
Tesla's Fuelless Generator & The Second Law of Thermodynamics
- http://home.comcast.net/~onichelson/Thermodynamics2.pdf
- http://tesla.nichelson.googlepages.com/home
- http://www.zpenergy.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2194
See also
- Leslie R. Pastor - index of articles
- Directory:Tom Bearden
- PESWiki home page
